Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) is a term used for companies that design, manufacture, test, distribute, and provide return/repair services for electronic components and assemblies for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

The EMS industry evolved to offer flexibility, economies of scale, and value-added services such as design support, warranty, and repair operations.

EMS providers also offer testing services including in-circuit, functional, environmental, compliance, and analytical laboratory testing.

Machining is a prototyping and manufacturing process that creates a desired shape by removing unwanted material from a larger piece of material, also known as subtractive manufacturing.

There are three types of composite manufacturing processes: Open Molding, Closed Molding, and Cast Polymer Molding, each used depending on surface finish requirements and production volumes.